New legislation expands government oversight of Islamic endowments and allows non-Muslim representation, sparking fears of encroachment on religious autonomy.

By Abdullahi Yusuf

India’s Parliament has passed a controversial bill amending the country’s Waqf Act, igniting fierce debate over religious freedom and minority rights. The new legislation, approved after extended deliberations in both houses, introduces sweeping changes to the governance of Islamic endowments—known as waqf properties—including provisions to allow non-Muslims on waqf boards and enhance state oversight of Islamic assets.

The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha (lower house) by a vote of 288–232 and in the Rajya Sabha (upper house) by 128–95 after marathon sessions that stretched into the early morning hours. It now awaits formal assent from President Droupadi Murmu before becoming law.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government, which championed the bill, argues the changes are necessary to curb alleged corruption, mismanagement, and opacity in the administration of waqf properties. Officials claim that placing diverse voices on waqf boards will increase transparency and ensure public accountability.

But opposition lawmakers, led by the Indian National Congress, have sharply criticised the move, calling it an unconstitutional interference in the internal affairs of a religious community. “This is an assault on Muslim identity and religious institutions,” said one senior opposition member during floor debates. “It is unprecedented for a secular democracy to insert non-adherents into the management of sacred trusts.”

Muslim advocacy groups and legal experts have echoed those concerns, warning that the new provisions could pave the way for government encroachment on mosques, graveyards, and other historic Islamic properties. Several have vowed to challenge the law in court, citing potential violations of religious freedom guaranteed under India’s constitution.

The passage of the bill comes against a backdrop of growing anxiety among India’s approximately 200 million Muslims, many of whom feel increasingly marginalised under the current administration. Analysts say the waqf amendment reflects a broader trend of state intervention in Muslim civic and religious life.

While government spokespersons insist the law promotes reform and inclusivity, critics argue it risks deepening distrust and exacerbating communal tensions in the world’s largest democracy.

The debate over the waqf bill may have only just begun.